K-12 Education: Improved Oversight Could Help DOD Schools Better Support Students with Literacy and Math Skill Deficits

Fast Facts

Teacher support to address individual students’ reading and math deficits or learning disabilities can improve academic outcomes. We visited Department of Defense schools in districts that serve about 60% of DOD school students with identified learning disabilities.

Staff at all the schools we visited said teachers needed opportunities to give input on training to help them develop this support for their students. But DOD didn’t ask for their input. Asking for and acting on teachers’ input would help DOD ensure teachers have the training they need to tailor instruction to meet students’ needs.

Our recommendations address this and other issues.

Students raising their hands in a classroom.

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Highlights

What GAO Found

In school year 2024â2025, about 10 percent of the approximately 60,000 K-12 students attending Department of Defense Education Activityâs (DODEA) schools full time received strategic instruction. This is short-term extra help in a small group setting (see figure). About 5 percent had a âspecific learning disabilityâ (SLD). SLDs are a group of disorders, such as dyslexia and dyscalculia, related to understanding language or doing mathematical calculations. The number of DODEA students with SLDs increased 29 percent from school years 2018â2019 through 2024â2025.

DODEA Instructional Materials for Students with Literacy and Math Deficits

Most staff in the 11 selected schools GAO visitedâinÂ five districtsÂ that serveÂ 63 percent of DODEA students with SLDsâoutlined obstacles to timely identifying students needing strategic instruction or special education for SLDs. These included limited screening tools, challenges with submitting complete student referrals for strategic instruction and special education, and delayed special education evaluations. For example, at nine of 11 schools, staff said they needed more or better screening tools to identify students. DODEAâs screening tools do not directly assess elementary school studentsâ foundational phonics skills, which help identify reading deficits. They also are not available for all students. These limitations make it difficult to identify students who are behind grade level when they arrive at a schoolâwhich is important given DODEAâs highly mobile population. In July 2026, DODEA officials said that they procured universal screening tools for all grades and plan to start administering them in late 2026. When implemented, these tools will provide key data to fill gaps in identifying studentsâ needs and connect them to support.

DODEA staff at all 11 schools we visited also cited obstacles to helping students meet their literacy and math goals. These included strategic instruction and special education teachers not receiving professional learning relevant to their roles, not having adequate access to data on studentsâ grades, and varied practices across DODEA schools that result in eligible students not receiving needed help to meet grade-level expectations. For example, during GAOâs interviews, 32 of 44 strategic instruction and special education teachers rated their professional learning opportunities as âbadâ or âvery bad.â Further, staff at all 11 schools said they wanted teachers to be able to provide input on needed professional learningâfor example, opportunities focused on identifying students with literacy and math deficits and SLDs. DODEA guidelines say that professional learning should advance teachersâ ability to apply acquired knowledge and skills targeted to their role. Asking for and acting on teacher feedback would help DODEA advance teachersâ ability to apply the skills needed to help students with literacy and math deficits and SLDs meet their learning goals.

Why GAO Did This Study

Students in military familiesâmany of whom attend DODEA schoolsâface unique challenges due to frequent moves. DODEA families have raised concerns about access to literacy and math supports and special education services. Research shows that instruction tailored to studentsâ needs can improve academic outcomes and reduce the number of students referred to special education.

The Joint Explanatory Statement accompanying the 2025 National Defense Authorization Act includes a provision for GAO to examine services for DODEA students with literacy and math deficits and SLDs. GAO examined (1) the number of students receiving strategic instruction or having an SLD, (2) the extent DODEA provides guidance and tools to identify these students, and (3) the extent DODEA supports teachers in helping students.

GAO analyzed DODEA data from school years 2018-2019 through 2024-2025 on student enrollment and reviewed relevant federal laws and DOD policies. GAO conducted in-person site visits to schools in five of nine DODEA districts, selected for variation in number of students with SLDs, among other things. GAO interviewed DODEA officials and held 47 group interviews with teachers, administrators, and other stakeholders. GAO also administered a nongeneralizable opt-in online questionnaire to parents of DODEA students with SLDs.

Recommendations

GAO is making eight recommendations to DOD, including to (1) improve screening students for literacy and math deficits; and (2) solicit teacher input on professional learning. DOD agreed with five recommendations and partially agreed with three, as discussed in the report.

Recommendations for Executive Action

Agency Affected	Recommendation	Status
Department of Defense	The Secretary of Defense should ensure that the DODEA Director eliminates gaps in DODEA’s current approach to screening students for literacy and math deficits. This could include adopting screening tools that assess foundational phonic skills in elementary school and expanding access to existing screeners that are currently only available to middle and high school students already receiving strategic literacy or math instruction. (Recommendation 1)	Open When we confirm what actions the agency has taken in response to this recommendation, we will provide updated information.
Department of Defense	The Secretary of Defense should ensure that the DODEA Director analyzes data on the reasons why Student Support Teams reject referrals for students who may benefit from additional literacy and math support and use this information to better ensure the completeness, quality, and timeliness of referrals. (Recommendation 2)	Open When we confirm what actions the agency has taken in response to this recommendation, we will provide updated information.
Department of Defense	The Secretary of Defense should ensure that the DODEA Director identifies referrals for special education that have been rejected due to poor quality or incomplete information and use the results to improve the completeness and quality of referrals systemwide. For example, by identifying the districts with the highest rejection rates using available data in its special education information system, DODEA could identify common patterns for rejections due to poor quality or incomplete data and take achievable steps to improve the quality of the referrals. (Recommendation 3)	Open When we confirm what actions the agency has taken in response to this recommendation, we will provide updated information.
Department of Defense	The Secretary of Defense should ensure that the DODEA Director analyzes factors within its control contributing to delays in the special education evaluation process and take appropriate steps to address them. (Recommendation 4)	Open When we confirm what actions the agency has taken in response to this recommendation, we will provide updated information.
Department of Defense	The Secretary of Defense should ensure that the DODEA Director clarifies that feedback forms provided to strategic instruction and special education teachers at the end of agency-wide professional learning sessions are designed for general feedback about these teachers’ future professional learning needs and use this feedback to inform future professional learning offerings. (Recommendation 5)	Open When we confirm what actions the agency has taken in response to this recommendation, we will provide updated information.
Department of Defense	The Secretary of Defense should ensure that the DODEA Director ensures that special education teachers who teach students needing specialized reading interventions receive the professional learning necessary to teach these interventions with fidelity. This should include systemwide monitoring of teacher certifications for specialized reading interventions, as well as associated training rates. (Recommendation 6)	Open When we confirm what actions the agency has taken in response to this recommendation, we will provide updated information.
Department of Defense	The Secretary of Defense should ensure that the DODEA Director ensures that all elementary school special education teachers have access to data on their students’ test scores, grades on assignments, and academic progress. In doing so, DODEA should direct school administrators to provide special education teachers with a clear method to access their students’ data or provide dedicated collaboration time between special education and general education teachers. (Recommendation 7)	Open When we confirm what actions the agency has taken in response to this recommendation, we will provide updated information.
Department of Defense	The Secretary of Defense should ensure that the DODEA Director ensures that all students DODEA has identified as being eligible for additional support in literacy or math receive the necessary support to remediate academic skill deficits so that students can successfully meet the demands of their grade-level instruction. (Recommendation 8)	Open When we confirm what actions the agency has taken in response to this recommendation, we will provide updated information.